UNHRDB — Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discriminationhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/feeds/body-cerd2026-10-13T00:00:00ZUN Human Rights DatabaseDocuments newly added to the paragraph-level corpus of UN treaty-body general comments, individual-communication decisions and Special Procedures thematic reports.General Recommendation No. 40 (2026) on reparatory justice for the harms and continuing consequences of colonialism, the trafficking in enslaved Africans across the Atlantic and other routes, and racialized chattel slaveryhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-gc-402026-10-13T00:00:00Z2026-10-13T00:00:00ZGeneral Comment / Recommendation · CERD/C/GC/40 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 2026 — The Committee affirms that the harms of colonialism, the trafficking in enslaved Africans across the Atlantic and racialized chattel slavery continue today as racial discrimination, explains the exceptions to the intertemporality principle for such continuing violations, and sets out States parties' obligations to guarantee reparatory justice: the participation of people of African descent, full dV.S. v. Slovakiahttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-88-d-56-20142026-05-12T00:00:00Z2026-05-12T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/88/D/56/2014 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Slovakia · 2015Er v. Denmarkhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-71-d-40-20072026-05-12T00:00:00Z2026-05-12T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/71/D/40/2007 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Denmark · 2007J.N. and E.R. v. Norwayhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-115-d-77-20212026-05-12T00:00:00Z2026-05-12T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/115/D/77/2021 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Norway · 2025I.R. v. Switzerlandhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-115-d-76-20212026-05-12T00:00:00Z2026-05-12T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/115/D/76/2021 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Switzerland · 2025L.J., J.J., T.J., L.D., S.F., A.H., A.J., B.J., E.J., E.S.J., I.J., J.K.J., M.J., N.J., P.J.H., S.J. v. Norwayhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-115-d-67-20182026-05-12T00:00:00Z2026-05-12T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/115/D/67/2018 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Norway · 2025S.A. v. Denmarkhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-97-d-58-20162026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/97/D/58/2016 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Denmark · 2016Nuorgam et al. v. Finlandhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-95-d-59-20162026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/95/D/59/2016 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Finland · 2018Belemvire v. Republic of Moldovahttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-94-d-57-20152026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/94/D/57/2015 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Republic of Moldova · 2017Benon Pjetri v. Switzerlandhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-91-d-53-20132026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/91/D/53/2013 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Switzerland · 2016Laurent Gabre Gabaroum v. Francehttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-89-d-52-20122026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/89/D/52/2012 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · France · 2016M. v. Russian Federationhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-87-d-55-20142026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/87/D/55/2014 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Russian Federation · 2015L.G. v. Republic of Koreahttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-86-d-51-20122026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/86/D/51/2012 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Republic of Korea · 2015A.M.M. v. Switzerlandhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-84-d-50-20122026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/84/D/50/2012 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Switzerland · 2014Kenneth Moylan v. Australiahttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-83-d-47-20102026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/83/D/47/2010 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Australia · 2013Dawas and Shava v. Denmarkhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-80-d-46-20092026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/80/D/46/2009 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Denmark · 2012A. S. v. Russian Federationhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-79-d-45-20092026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/79/D/45/2009 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Russian Federation · 2011Hermansen, Edrich and Vilstrup v. Denmarkhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-77-d-44-20092026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/77/D/44/2009 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Denmark · 2010Saada Mohamad Adan v. Denmarkhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-77-d-43-20082026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/77/D/43/2008 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Denmark · 2010D.R. v. Australiahttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-75-d-42-20082026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/75/D/42/2008 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Australia · 2009Jama v. Denmarkhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-75-d-41-20082026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/75/D/41/2008 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Denmark · 2009D.F. v. Australiahttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-72-d-39-20062026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/72/D/39/2006 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Australia · 2008Zentralrat Deutscher Sinti und Roma et al. v. Germanyhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-72-d-38-20062026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/72/D/38/2006 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Germany · 2008A.W.R.A.P. v. Denmarkhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-71-d-37-20062026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/71/D/37/2006 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Denmark · 2007P. S. N. v. Denmarkhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-71-d-36-20062026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/71/D/36/2006 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Denmark · 2007Gelle v. Denmarkhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-68-d-34-20042026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/68/D/34/2004 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Denmark · 2006Durmic v. Montenegro,Serbia,Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-68-d-29-20032026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/68/D/29/2003 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Montenegro,Serbia,Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) · 2006The Jewish community of Oslo et al. v. Norwayhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-67-d-30-20032026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/67/D/30/2003 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Norway · 2005Quereshi v. Denmarkhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-66-d-33-20032026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/66/D/33/2003 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Denmark · 2005Sefic v. Denmarkhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-66-d-32-20032026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/66/D/32/2003 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Denmark · 2005L.R. et al. v. Slovakiahttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-66-d-31-20032026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/66/D/31/2003 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Slovakia · 2005Documentation and Advisory Centre on Racial Discrimination v. Denmarkhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-63-d-28-20032026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/63/D/28/2003 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Denmark · 2003Quereshi v. Denmarkhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-63-d-27-20022026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/63/D/27/2002 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Denmark · 2003Hagan v. Australiahttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-62-d-26-20022026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/62/D/26/2002 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Australia · 2003Sadic v. Denmarkhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-62-d-25-20022026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/62/D/25/2002 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Denmark · 2003Regerat et al. v. Francehttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-62-d-24-20022026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/62/D/24/2002 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · France · 2003POEM and FASM v. Denmarkhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-62-d-22-20022026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/62/D/22/2002 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Denmark · 2003M.B. v. Denmarkhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-60-d-20-20002026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/60/D/20/2000 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Denmark · 2002Mostafa v. Denmarkhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-59-d-19-20002026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/59/D/19/2000 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Denmark · 2001D.S. v. Swedenhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-59-d-14-19982026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/59/D/14/1998 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Sweden · 2001Lacko v. Slovakiahttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-59-d-11-19982026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/59/D/11/1998 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Slovakia · 2001F.A. v. Norwayhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-58-d-18-20002026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/58/D/18/2000 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Norway · 2001E.I.F. v. Netherlandshttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-58-d-15-19992026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/58/D/15/1999 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Netherlands · 2001B.J. v. Denmarkhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-56-d-17-19992026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/56/D/17/1999 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Denmark · 2000Ahmad v. Denmarkhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-56-d-16-19992026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/56/D/16/1999 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Denmark · 2000Z.U.B.S. v. Australiahttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-55-d-6-19952026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/55/D/6/1995 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Australia · 1999U.I. and G.I. v. Switzerlandhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-112-d-74-20212026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/112/D/74/2021 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Switzerland · 2024S.H. v. Switzerlandhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-111-d-79-20212026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/111/D/79/2021 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Switzerland · 2023M.O., E.O., V.O., R.P., M.P. and D.P. v. Slovakiahttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-110-d-70-20192026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/110/D/70/2019 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Slovakia · 2023Hussain v. Norwayhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-109-d-63-20182026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/109/D/63/2018 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Norway · 2023Jallow v. Denmarkhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-108-d-62-20182026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/108/D/62/2018 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Denmark · 2022Breleur v. Francehttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-107-d-66-20182026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/107/D/66/2018 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · France · 2022Pérez Guartambel v. Ecuadorhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-106-d-61-20172026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/106/D/61/2017 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Ecuador · 2022Anne Nuorgam et al. v. Finlandhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-106-d-59-20162026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/106/D/59/2016 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Finland · 2022Kotor v. Francehttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-105-d-65-20182026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/105/D/65/2018 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · France · 2021Zapescu v. Republic of Moldovahttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-103-d-60-20162026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/103/D/60/2016 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Republic of Moldova · 2021Lars-Anders Ågren et al. v. Swedenhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-102-d-54-20132026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/102/D/54/2013 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Sweden · 2020M.T. v. Estoniahttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-101-d-64-20182026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/101/D/64/2018 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Estonia · 2020Pérez Guartambel v. Ecuadorhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-100-d-61-20172026-05-11T00:00:00Z2026-05-11T00:00:00ZTreaty-body decision · CERD/C/100/D/61/2017 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · Ecuador · 2019General Recommendation No. 37: Racial discrimination in the enjoyment of the right to healthhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-gc-372026-04-28T00:00:00Z2026-04-28T00:00:00ZGeneral Comment / Recommendation · CERD/C/GC/37 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 2024 — The Committee considers that the right to equality and non-discrimination is an absolute prerequisite for the effective enjoyment of the right to the highest attainable standard of health, and provides authoritative guidance on States parties' obligations under the Convention to address racial discrimination across all dimensions of the right to health.General Recommendation No. 36 (2020) on preventing and combating racial profiling by law enforcement officialshttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-gc-362026-04-28T00:00:00Z2026-04-28T00:00:00ZGeneral Comment / Recommendation · CERD/C/GC/36 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 2020 — The Committee considers that racial profiling — distinguishing law enforcement and decision-making practices that target persons on the basis of race, colour, descent, national or ethnic origin — is incompatible with the Convention, and clarifies States parties' obligations to prevent, prohibit and combat racial profiling, including in the context of digital technologies.General Recommendation No. 35: Combating racist hate speechhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-gc-352026-04-28T00:00:00Z2026-04-28T00:00:00ZGeneral Comment / Recommendation · CERD/C/GC/35 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 2013 — The Committee considers that combating racist hate speech is essential to giving effect to the Convention, and provides comprehensive guidance on States parties' obligations under articles 4 and 7 to prohibit certain forms of hate speech, foster cultures of plural and respectful public discourse, and counter racist hate speech with affirmative action.General Recommendation No. 34: Racial discrimination against people of African descenthttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-gc-342026-04-28T00:00:00Z2026-04-28T00:00:00ZGeneral Comment / Recommendation · CERD/C/GC/34 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 2011 — The Committee considers that people of African descent face systemic and structural racial discrimination as a legacy of slavery and colonialism, and clarifies States parties' obligations under the Convention to prevent and combat such discrimination across all areas of life, including through legislation, justice system reform and affirmative action.General Recommendation No. 33: Follow-up to the Durban Review Conferencehttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-gc-332026-04-28T00:00:00Z2026-04-28T00:00:00ZGeneral Comment / Recommendation · CERD/C/GC/33 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 2009 — The Committee, building on the outcomes of the Durban Review Conference, recommends that States parties take legislative, judicial, regulatory, administrative and other measures to combat racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, and to enhance their cooperation with the Committee in implementing the Convention.General Recommendation No. 32: The meaning and scope of special measures in the International Coventiion on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discriminationhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-gc-322026-04-28T00:00:00Z2026-04-28T00:00:00ZGeneral Comment / Recommendation · CERD/C/GC/32 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 2009 — The Committee clarifies the meaning and scope of special measures within articles 1 (4) and 2 (2) of the Convention, considers that such measures are a necessary tool for combating structural inequalities and accelerating equality, and elaborates the conditions under which they are required, permissible and consistent with non-discrimination.General Recommendation No. 30 on discrimination against non-citizenshttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-64-misc-11-rev-32026-04-28T00:00:00Z2026-04-28T00:00:00ZGeneral Comment / Recommendation · CERD/C/64/Misc.11/rev.3 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 2004 — The Committee, reflecting on article 1 of the Convention which permits differentiation between citizens and non-citizens, considers that States parties' treatment of non-citizens nonetheless falls within the scope of the Convention and that differential treatment will constitute racial discrimination if its criteria are not applied pursuant to a legitimate aim.General Recommendation No. 4 concerning reporting by States parties (art. 1 of the Convention)https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/a-90-182026-04-28T00:00:00Z2026-04-28T00:00:00ZGeneral Comment / Recommendation · A/9018 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 1973 — The Committee invites States parties to endeavour to include in their reports under article 9 relevant information on the demographic composition of the population referred to in article 1 of the Convention, so as to enable the Committee to assess the application of the Convention in the State party.General Recommendation No. 1 concerning States parties' obligations (art. 4 of the Convention)https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/annotated-cerd-gr1-obligations-art-42026-04-28T00:00:00Z2026-04-28T00:00:00ZGeneral Comment / Recommendation · A/8718 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 1972 — The Committee, having found that the legislation of a number of States parties did not include the provisions envisaged in article 4 (a) and (b), considers that the implementation of those provisions — including the prohibition of organizations and propaganda promoting racial discrimination — is obligatory for all States parties under the Convention.General Recommendation No. 2 concerning States parties' obligationshttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/annotated-cerd-gr2-obligations2026-04-28T00:00:00Z2026-04-28T00:00:00ZGeneral Comment / Recommendation · A/8718 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 1973 — The Committee considers that some States parties have inferred that they need not provide information on the implementation of the Convention because racial discrimination does not exist on their territory, and clarifies that the obligation to report under article 9 applies to all States parties regardless of whether such discrimination is acknowledged.General Recommendation No. 3 concerning reporting by States partieshttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/annotated-cerd-gr3-reporting2026-04-28T00:00:00Z2026-04-28T00:00:00ZGeneral Comment / Recommendation · A/8718 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 1972 — The Committee, having considered reports of States parties on measures taken to implement United Nations resolutions relating to relations with racist regimes in southern Africa, recalls the obligations of article 3 to eradicate apartheid and racial segregation, and considers that compliance requires States parties to refrain from supporting such regimes.General Recommendation No. 31 on the prevention of racial discrimination in the administration and functioning of the criminal justice systemhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/a-60-182026-04-28T00:00:00Z2026-04-28T00:00:00ZGeneral Comment / Recommendation · A/60/18 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 2005 — The Committee provides authoritative guidance on the prevention of racial discrimination in the administration and functioning of the criminal justice system, and recommends that States parties pay attention to indicators such as victimization, complaint patterns, treatment by law-enforcement officials and disproportionate representation in detention.General Recommendation No. 28 on the follow-up to the World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerancehttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/annotated-cerd-gr28-followup-conference2026-04-28T00:00:00Z2026-04-28T00:00:00ZGeneral Comment / Recommendation · A/57/18 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 2002 — The Committee, building on the World Conference against Racism in Durban, recommends comprehensive measures States parties should take to combat racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, including ratifying relevant instruments, complying with reporting obligations and adopting national action plans.General Recommendation No. 29 on article 1, paragraph 1, of the Convention (descent)https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/annotated-cerd-gr29-descent2026-04-28T00:00:00Z2026-04-28T00:00:00ZGeneral Comment / Recommendation · A/57/18 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 2002 — The Committee considers that descent-based discrimination — including caste and analogous systems of inherited status — falls within the scope of article 1 of the Convention, and recommends that States parties identify affected communities, prohibit such discrimination and adopt remedial measures across all areas of life.General Recommendation No. 25 on gender-related dimensions of racial discriminationhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/annotated-cerd-gr25-gender2026-04-28T00:00:00Z2026-04-28T00:00:00ZGeneral Comment / Recommendation · A/55/18 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 2000 — The Committee considers that racial discrimination does not always affect women and men equally, and clarifies that there are circumstances in which racial discrimination only or primarily affects women, or affects them differently, and that periodic reports must reflect the gender-related dimensions of racial discrimination.General Recommendation No. 26 on article 6 of the Conventionhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/annotated-cerd-gr26-article62026-04-28T00:00:00Z2026-04-28T00:00:00ZGeneral Comment / Recommendation · A/55/18 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 2000 — The Committee considers that the harm caused by racial discrimination and racial insults to a victim's perception of self-worth and reputation is often underestimated, and clarifies States parties' obligations under article 6 to ensure effective remedies, including reparation and satisfaction commensurate with the damage suffered.General Recommendation No. 27 on discrimination against Romahttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/annotated-cerd-gr27-roma2026-04-28T00:00:00Z2026-04-28T00:00:00ZGeneral Comment / Recommendation · A/55/18 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 2000 — The Committee considers that Roma communities continue to face widespread racial discrimination across Europe and elsewhere, and recommends that States parties review and amend legislation, ensure effective protection against violence, combat segregation in education and housing, and improve the participation of Roma in public life.General Recommendation No. 23 on the rights of indigenous peopleshttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/annotated-cerd-gr23-indigenous2026-04-28T00:00:00Z2026-04-28T00:00:00ZGeneral Comment / Recommendation · A/54/18, annex V · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 1997 — The Committee draws attention to the situation of indigenous peoples and considers that discrimination against them falls under the Convention, recommending that States parties recognize and respect indigenous distinct culture, history, language, ways of life, communal land and resource rights, and meaningful participation in public life.General Recommendation No. 24 concerning article 1 of the Conventionhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/annotated-cerd-gr24-article12026-04-28T00:00:00Z2026-04-28T00:00:00ZGeneral Comment / Recommendation · A/54/18, annex V · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 1999 — The Committee considers that — in line with the definition in article 1, paragraph 1 — the Convention applies to all persons belonging to different races, national or ethnic groups or to indigenous peoples, and recommends that States parties provide as far as possible information on the presence of such groups within their territory.General Recommendation No. 20 on article 5 of the Conventionhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/annotated-cerd-gr20-article52026-04-28T00:00:00Z2026-04-28T00:00:00ZGeneral Comment / Recommendation · A/51/18 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 1996 — The Committee considers that article 5 contains a non-exhaustive obligation of States parties to guarantee the enjoyment of civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights and freedoms without racial discrimination, and clarifies that States parties must report on the implementation of all the rights enumerated in article 5.General Recommendation No. 21 on the right to self-determinationhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/annotated-cerd-gr21-self-determination2026-04-28T00:00:00Z2026-04-28T00:00:00ZGeneral Comment / Recommendation · A/51/18 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 1996 — The Committee considers that ethnic or religious groups frequently invoke the right to self-determination as a basis for an alleged right to secession, and clarifies that the right of self-determination has both internal and external aspects and that international law does not recognize a general right to unilateral secession from a State.General Recommendation No. 22 on article 5 of the Convention on refugees and displaced personshttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/annotated-cerd-gr22-refugee2026-04-28T00:00:00Z2026-04-28T00:00:00ZGeneral Comment / Recommendation · A/51/18 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 1996 — The Committee draws attention to article 5 in the context of refugees and displaced persons, and recommends that States parties ensure such persons enjoy without racial discrimination civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights — including the right to return in safety to their homes — and the obligation to address the root causes of their displacement.General Recommendation No. 19 on article 3 of the Conventionhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/a-50-182026-04-28T00:00:00Z2026-04-28T00:00:00ZGeneral Comment / Recommendation · A/50/18 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 1995 — The Committee draws attention to the wording of article 3 — by which States parties undertake to prevent, prohibit and eradicate all practices of racial segregation and apartheid — and considers that this article applies to all forms of racial segregation in all countries, not exclusively to South Africa under apartheid.General Recommendation No. 18 on the establishment of an international tribunal to prosecute crimes against humanityhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/a-49-182026-04-28T00:00:00Z2026-04-28T00:00:00ZGeneral Comment / Recommendation · A/49/18 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 1994 — The Committee considers that an international tribunal with general jurisdiction should be established urgently to prosecute genocide, crimes against humanity and grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions, and recommends that States parties take all available measures to bring perpetrators of such crimes to justice.General Recommendation No. 11 on non-citizenshttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/annotated-cerd-gr11-non-citizens2026-04-28T00:00:00Z2026-04-28T00:00:00ZGeneral Comment / Recommendation · A/48/18 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 1993 — The Committee considers that — although article 1, paragraph 2, excepts from the definition of racial discrimination differential treatment between citizens and non-citizens — States parties may not discriminate against any particular nationality among non-citizens, and that the Convention's protections extend to non-citizens within their jurisdiction.General Recommendation No. 12 on sucessor Stateshttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/annotated-cerd-gr12-successorstates2026-04-28T00:00:00Z2026-04-28T00:00:00ZGeneral Comment / Recommendation · A/48/18 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 1993 — The Committee encourages successor States that have not yet done so to confirm to the Secretary-General, as depositary of the Convention, that they continue to be bound by obligations under the Convention if predecessor States were parties to it, and to give effect to the Convention in their territory.General Recommendation No. 13 on the training of law enforcement officials in the protection of human rightshttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/annotated-cerd-gr13-training2026-04-28T00:00:00Z2026-04-28T00:00:00ZGeneral Comment / Recommendation · A/48/18 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 1993 — The Committee considers that the obligations of States parties under article 7 to combat prejudices and promote understanding extend to the training of law enforcement officials, and recommends that such training cover the principles of non-discrimination and the human rights of all persons regardless of race, colour, or national or ethnic origin.General Recommendation No. 14 on article 1, pargraph 1, of the Conventionhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/annotated-cerd-gr14-non-discrimination2026-04-28T00:00:00Z2026-04-28T00:00:00ZGeneral Comment / Recommendation · A/48/18 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 1993 — The Committee draws attention to features of the definition of racial discrimination in article 1, paragraph 1, considers that the words 'based on' bear no different meaning from 'on the grounds of', and clarifies that a distinction is contrary to the Convention if it has either the purpose or the effect of impairing particular rights and freedoms.General Recommendation No. 15 on article 4 of the Conventionhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/annotated-cerd-gr15-article42026-04-28T00:00:00Z2026-04-28T00:00:00ZGeneral Comment / Recommendation · A/48/18 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 1993 — The Committee considers that article 4 — proscribing the dissemination of ideas of racial superiority and organized racist activity — was central to the adoption of the Convention and remains essential, and recommends that States parties whose legislation does not satisfy article 4 take the necessary steps to give it effect.General Recommendation No. 16 concerning the application of article 9 of the Conventionhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/annotated-cerd-gr16-article92026-04-28T00:00:00Z2026-04-28T00:00:00ZGeneral Comment / Recommendation · A/48/18 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 1993 — The Committee draws attention to the reporting obligations under article 9 and recommends that States parties submit reports promptly, follow the Committee's reporting guidelines, and treat the dialogue with the Committee as an ongoing means of ensuring effective implementation of the Convention.General Recommendation No. 17 on the establishment of national institutions to facilitate the implementation of the Conventionhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/annotated-cerd-gr17-national-institutions2026-04-28T00:00:00Z2026-04-28T00:00:00ZGeneral Comment / Recommendation · A/48/18 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 1993 — The Committee recommends that States parties consider the establishment of national institutions — within the framework of their legal systems — to facilitate the implementation of the Convention by providing advice, conducting investigations and publicizing the rights it protects.General Recommendation No. 10 concerning technical assistancehttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/a-46-182026-04-28T00:00:00Z2026-04-28T00:00:00ZGeneral Comment / Recommendation · A/46/18 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 1991 — The Committee requests the Secretary-General to organize, in consultation with States parties concerned, appropriate national training courses and workshops for reporting officials, so as to assist them in fulfilling their reporting obligations under article 9 of the Convention.General Recommendation No. 8 concerning the interpretation and application of article 1, paragraphs 1 and 4 of the Conventionhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/a-45-182026-04-28T00:00:00Z2026-04-28T00:00:00ZGeneral Comment / Recommendation · A/45/18 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 1990 — The Committee, having considered information about the ways in which individuals are identified as belonging to a particular racial or ethnic group, is of the opinion that such identification shall — if no justification exists to the contrary — be based upon self-identification by the individual concerned.General Recommendation No. 9 concerning the application of article 8, paragraph 1, of the Conventionhttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/a-45-812026-04-28T00:00:00Z2026-04-28T00:00:00ZGeneral Comment / Recommendation · A/45/18 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 1990 — The Committee considers that respect for the independence of its members as experts is essential to secure full observance of human rights, and strongly recommends that representatives of States, organizations and groups respect unreservedly the status of Committee members and refrain from putting pressure on them, especially country rapporteurs.General Recommendation No. 7 relating to the implementation of article 4https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/a-40-182026-04-28T00:00:00Z2026-04-28T00:00:00ZGeneral Comment / Recommendation · A/40/18 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 1985 — The Committee recommends that States parties whose legislation does not satisfy the provisions of article 4 (a) and (b) of the Convention take the necessary steps with a view to satisfying the mandatory requirements of that article, including the prohibition of organizations and propaganda promoting racial discrimination.General Recommendation No. 6 concerning overdue reportshttps://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/a-37-182026-04-28T00:00:00Z2026-04-28T00:00:00ZGeneral Comment / Recommendation · A/37/18 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 1982 — The Committee, recognizing that ratification alone does not enable the Convention's control system to function effectively, recalls that article 9 obliges States parties to submit initial and periodic reports, draws attention to the substantial number of overdue reports and recommends that States parties bring their reporting up to date.General Recommendation No. 5 concerning reporting by States parties (art. 7 of the Convention)https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/a-32-182026-04-28T00:00:00Z2026-04-28T00:00:00ZGeneral Comment / Recommendation · A/32/18 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 1977 — The Committee requests every State party which has not already done so to include in its next report — or in a special report — adequate information on the measures it has adopted to give effect to article 7 of the Convention, including measures taken in the fields of teaching, education, culture and information.