https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/feeds/gc 2026-04-30T00:00:00Z UN Human Rights Database Documents newly added to the paragraph-level corpus of UN treaty-body general comments, individual-communication decisions and Special Procedures thematic reports. https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cat-op-gc-1 2026-04-30T00:00:00Z 2026-04-30T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CAT/OP/GC/1 · Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture · 2024 — The Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture (SPT) clarifies the comprehensive scope of "places of deprivation of liberty" under article 4 of the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture (OPCAT). It addresses the object and purpose of the Optional Protocol, identifies illustrative categories of facilities subject to preventive visits, and reaffirms that any restrictive interpretation would

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/hri-gen-1-rev-9-vol-i-p-202 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · HRI/GEN/1/Rev.9 (Vol. I), p. 202 · Human Rights Committee · 1992 — The Committee, replacing general comment No. 9 (1982), considers that article 10 imposes a positive obligation on States parties towards persons deprived of their liberty, who are particularly vulnerable, and elaborates the requirements of humane treatment, segregation regimes and the rehabilitative aim of the penitentiary system.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/hri-gen-1-rev-9-vol-i-p-200 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · HRI/GEN/1/Rev.9 (Vol. I), p. 200 · Human Rights Committee · 1992 — The Committee, replacing general comment No. 7 (1982), considers that article 7 protects the dignity and physical and mental integrity of the individual, and clarifies that the prohibition of torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment is non-derogable, encompasses corporal punishment and applies regardless of the purpose for which the act is committed.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/hri-gen-1-rev-9-vol-i-p-176-99dcaf 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · HRI/GEN/1/Rev.9 (Vol. I) p.176 · Human Rights Committee · 1982 — The Committee considers that the right to life under article 6 is the supreme right from which no derogation is permitted even in time of public emergency, and that it should not be interpreted narrowly — it requires States parties to take positive measures to prevent loss of life, including by reducing infant mortality, increasing life expectancy and addressing the causes of unnatural death. (Rep

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/hri-gen-1-rev-9-vol-i-p-198 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · HRI/GEN/1/Rev.9 (Vol. I) p. 198 · Human Rights Committee · 1990 — The Committee considers that the family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society entitled to protection under article 23, and clarifies the obligations of States parties regarding the right to marry, equality between spouses, and protection of the family — including in the context of dissolution of marriage and the rights of the child.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/hri-gen-1-rev-9-vol-i-p-195 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · HRI/GEN/1/Rev.9 (Vol. I) p. 195 · Human Rights Committee · 1989 — The Committee considers that non-discrimination, together with equality before the law and equal protection of the law, constitutes a basic and general principle of human rights protection, and elaborates the meaning of discrimination under article 26 and the corresponding obligations of States parties.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/hri-gen-1-rev-9-vol-i-p-193 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · HRI/GEN/1/Rev.9 (Vol. I) p. 193 · Human Rights Committee · 1989 — The Committee considers that article 24 recognizes the right of every child, without discrimination, to receive from the family, society and the State the protection required by the child's status as a minor, and that its implementation entails the adoption of special measures supplementing those required for adults under article 2.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/hri-gen-1-rev-9-vol-i-p-191 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · HRI/GEN/1/Rev.9 (Vol. I) p. 191 · Human Rights Committee · 1988 — The Committee considers that article 17 protects every person against arbitrary or unlawful interference with privacy, family, home or correspondence, and clarifies that this protection extends to interferences from State and non-State actors and requires legislative, administrative and other measures to give it effect.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/hri-gen-1-rev-9-vol-i-p-189 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · HRI/GEN/1/Rev.9 (Vol. I) p. 189 · Human Rights Committee · 1986 — The Committee considers that the rights set forth in the Covenant apply to everyone within a State party's territory and subject to its jurisdiction, regardless of nationality or statelessness, and clarifies the position of aliens — including non-discrimination, expulsion safeguards under article 13 and access to procedural protections.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/hri-gen-1-rev-9-vol-i-p-188 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · HRI/GEN/1/Rev.9 (Vol. I) p. 188 · Human Rights Committee · 1984 — The Committee, considering the right to life enunciated in article 6 as the supreme right from which no derogation is permitted even in time of public emergency, draws attention to the threat posed by nuclear weapons to human life and considers that their production, deployment and use should be prohibited and recognized as a crime against humanity. (Replaced by general comment No. 36.)

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/hri-gen-1-rev-9-vol-i-p-184 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · HRI/GEN/1/Rev.9 (Vol. I) p. 184 · Human Rights Committee · 1984 — The Committee, considering article 14 to be of a complex nature, draws attention to the need for States parties to provide more detailed information in their reports on the implementation of each of its provisions on the proper administration of justice, including the guarantees of equality before courts, fair and public hearing, and rights of the defence. (Replaced by general comment No. 32.)

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/hri-gen-1-rev-9-vol-i-p-183 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · HRI/GEN/1/Rev.9 (Vol. I) p. 183 · Human Rights Committee · 1984 — The Committee considers that the right of all peoples to self-determination under article 1 is of particular importance because its realization is an essential condition for the effective guarantee of individual human rights, and clarifies that States parties have obligations both with respect to their own peoples and with respect to other peoples.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/hri-gen-1-rev-9-vol-i-p-182 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · HRI/GEN/1/Rev.9 (Vol. I) p. 182 · Human Rights Committee · 1983 — The Committee considers that article 20 obliges States parties to prohibit by law any propaganda for war and any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence, and clarifies that compatibility of such prohibitions with the rights to freedom of expression and association requires careful and lawful design.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/hri-gen-1-rev-9-vol-i-p-181 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · HRI/GEN/1/Rev.9 (Vol. I) p. 181 · Human Rights Committee · 1983 — The Committee considers that the right to hold opinions without interference under article 19, paragraph 1, is a right to which the Covenant permits no exception or restriction, and requests States parties to provide information on the implementation of this right and on the conditions under which any restrictions on freedom of expression are imposed. (Replaced by general comment No. 34.)

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/hri-gen-1-rev-9-vol-i-p-180 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · HRI/GEN/1/Rev.9 (Vol. I) p. 180 · Human Rights Committee · 1982 — The Committee considers that article 10 (1) requires that all persons deprived of their liberty be treated with humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person, and requests States parties to provide specific information on the legal measures and concrete practices designed to give effect to this right. (Replaced by general comment No. 21.)

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/hri-gen-1-rev-9-vol-i-p-179 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · HRI/GEN/1/Rev.9 (Vol. I) p. 179 · Human Rights Committee · 1982 — The Committee considers that article 9 — the right to liberty and security of person — applies to all deprivations of liberty, including in non-criminal contexts such as mental illness, vagrancy, drug addiction, educational purposes and immigration control, and clarifies the procedural guarantees applicable to each. (Replaced by general comment No. 35.)

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/hri-gen-1-rev-9-vol-i-p-178 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · HRI/GEN/1/Rev.9 (Vol. I) p. 178 · Human Rights Committee · 1982 — The Committee considers that the prohibition of torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment under article 7 is non-derogable even in situations of public emergency, and clarifies that its implementation requires more than legal prohibition — it demands education, training, and effective remedies including the right to lodge complaints. (Replaced by general comment No. 20.)

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/hri-gen-1-rev-9-vol-i-p-176 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · HRI/GEN/1/Rev.9 (Vol. I) p. 176 · Human Rights Committee · 1981 — The Committee considers that article 4 of the Covenant has posed a number of problems for the Committee in considering reports, and clarifies that any derogation in time of public emergency must be officially proclaimed, strictly required by the exigencies of the situation, non-discriminatory and notified to other States parties through the Secretary-General. (Replaced by general comment No. 29.)

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/hri-gen-1-rev-9-vol-i-p-175 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · HRI/GEN/1/Rev.9 (Vol. I) p. 175 · Human Rights Committee · 1981 — The Committee considers that article 3 — the equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of all civil and political rights — has been insufficiently dealt with in many States reports, and clarifies that legal equality alone is not sufficient: States parties must also report on the practical measures taken to give effect to substantive equality. (Replaced by general comment No. 28.)

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/hri-gen-1-rev-9-vol-i-p-174 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · HRI/GEN/1/Rev.9 (Vol. I) p. 174 · Human Rights Committee · 1981 — The Committee considers that article 2 generally leaves it to States parties to choose their method of implementation, but recognizes that the obligation under the Covenant is not confined to the respect of human rights — States parties have also undertaken to ensure their enjoyment, including through legislative measures and effective remedies. (Replaced by general comment No. 31.)

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/annotated-ccpr-gc1-reporting-obligation 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · HRI/GEN/1/Rev.9 (Vol. I) p. 173 · Human Rights Committee · 1981 — The Committee draws attention to the reporting obligation under article 40 — under which States parties have undertaken to submit initial and periodic reports on the measures they have adopted and the progress made in the enjoyment of Covenant rights — and notes the widespread delays in submission, urging States parties to comply on time.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/annotated-ccpr-gc2-reporting-guidelines 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · HRI/GEN/1/Rev.9 (Vol. I) p. 173 · Human Rights Committee · 1981 — The Committee, having noted that initial reports were often too brief to enable proper assessment, draws attention to the general guidelines on the form and content of reports and recommends that States parties follow them carefully so as to give the Committee a complete picture of the implementation of the Covenant.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/e-c-12-gc-27 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · E/C.12/GC/27 · Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights · 2025 — The Committee considers that a clean, healthy and sustainable environment is an essential precondition for the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights, and clarifies States parties' obligations under the Covenant to address the climate, biodiversity and pollution crises through sustainable, equitable and rights-based environmental policies.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/e-c-12-gc-26 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · E/C.12/GC/26 · Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights · 2023 — The Committee considers that secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land is essential to the realization of a wide range of Covenant rights, and clarifies States parties' obligations regarding land governance, including in relation to indigenous peoples, peasants, rural women, urban dwellers and persons in vulnerable situations.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/e-c-12-gc-25 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · E/C.12/GC/25 · Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights · 2020 — The Committee clarifies that the right of everyone to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its applications under article 15 entails State obligations to make scientific advancement and its benefits accessible to all without discrimination, to protect freedom of scientific research, and to address the unequal distribution of scientific risks and benefits.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/e-c-12-gc-24 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · E/C.12/GC/24 · Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights · 2017 — The Committee clarifies that States parties' obligations under the Covenant apply in the context of business activities — including those of corporate actors operating extraterritorially — and provides guidance on the obligations to respect, protect and fulfil economic, social and cultural rights in this context.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/e-c-12-gc-23 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · E/C.12/GC/23 · Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights · 2016 — The Committee elaborates the right to just and favourable conditions of work under article 7, including remuneration providing a decent living, safe and healthy working conditions, equal opportunity for promotion, and rest, leisure and limitation of working hours, with particular attention to discrimination and to workers in precarious situations.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/e-c-12-gc-22 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · E/C.12/GC/22 · Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights · 2016 — The Committee considers that the right to sexual and reproductive health is an integral part of the right to health under article 12, and that its realization requires States parties to ensure availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality of services and information, free from discrimination, coercion and violence.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/e-c-12-gc-21 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · E/C.12/GC/21 · Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights · 2010 — The Committee affirms that cultural rights are integral, universal and interdependent human rights, and clarifies the right of everyone to take part in cultural life under article 15 (1) (a), including obligations regarding access, participation, contribution, and the protection of cultural heritage and diversity.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/e-c-12-gc-20 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · E/C.12/GC/20 · Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights · 2009 — The Committee considers that non-discrimination is an immediate and cross-cutting obligation under the Covenant, and clarifies the meaning of the prohibited grounds — including 'other status' — and the obligations to eliminate both formal and substantive discrimination in the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/e-c-12-gc-19 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · E/C.12/GC/19 · Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights · 2008 — The Committee considers that the right to social security under article 9 is of central importance for human dignity, and clarifies States parties' obligations to ensure the availability, adequacy, accessibility and affordability of social security systems covering the principal social risks and contingencies, with particular attention to disadvantaged and marginalized groups.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/e-c-12-gc-18 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · E/C.12/GC/18 · Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights · 2006 — The Committee elaborates the content of the right to work under article 6, considers it inseparable from human dignity and essential for the realization of other rights, and provides guidance on States parties' obligations regarding access to employment, freedom from forced labour, technical and vocational guidance and training, and conditions of work.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/e-c-12-gc-17 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · E/C.12/GC/17 · Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights · 2006 — The Committee considers that the protection of the moral and material interests of authors of scientific, literary or artistic productions under article 15 (1) (c) is a human right derived from human dignity, and clarifies that it is distinct from — and not coextensive with — intellectual property rights established by States in domestic law.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/e-c-12-2005-4 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · E/C.12/2005/4 · Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights · 2005 — The Committee considers that the equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of all economic, social and cultural rights is both a substantive provision and an obligation of immediate effect, and clarifies the steps States parties must take to give effect to article 3 in conjunction with the substantive Covenant rights.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/e-c-12-2002-11 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · E/C.12/2002/11 · Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights · 2003 — The Committee affirms that water is a limited natural resource and a public good, that the human right to water is indispensable for a life in dignity, and that States parties have obligations to ensure availability, quality and accessibility of safe water and sanitation, with particular attention to disadvantaged and marginalized groups.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/e-c-12-2000-4 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · E/C.12/2000/4 · Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights · 2000 — The Committee considers that the right to the highest attainable standard of health under article 12 is fundamental and indispensable to the exercise of other rights, and clarifies States parties' obligations regarding the underlying determinants of health, the availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality of health facilities, and non-discrimination.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/e-c-12-1999-5 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · E/C.12/1999/5 · Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights · 1999 — The Committee considers that the right to adequate food under article 11 imposes obligations to respect, protect and fulfil, and clarifies that the core content requires food to be available, accessible, free from adverse substances and culturally acceptable, with the right to be free from hunger as a non-derogable minimum.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/e-c-12-1999-4 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · E/C.12/1999/4 · Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights · 1999 — The Committee draws attention to article 14 of the Covenant, which obligates States parties that have not yet secured compulsory primary education free of charge to adopt, within two years, a detailed plan of action for its progressive implementation, and provides guidance on the elements such plans must contain.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/e-c-12-1999-10 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · E/C.12/1999/10 · Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights · 1999 — The Committee considers that education is both a human right in itself and an indispensable means of realizing other rights, and elaborates the four interrelated essential features — availability, accessibility, acceptability and adaptability — that all forms and levels of education must meet under article 13.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/e-c-12-1998-25 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · E/C.12/1998/25 · Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights · 1998 — The Committee clarifies that national human rights institutions have an important role in promoting and protecting economic, social and cultural rights, and recommends concrete activities such institutions should undertake — including monitoring, awareness-raising, support to legislation and individual complaints — to give effect to Covenant rights.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/e-c-12-1998-24 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · E/C.12/1998/24 · Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights · 1998 — The Committee elaborates the obligations regarding domestic application of the Covenant, considers that the principle of giving effect to Covenant rights 'by all appropriate means' includes legislative measures and judicial remedies, and clarifies that economic, social and cultural rights are subject to enforcement before national courts.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/e-c-12-1997-8 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · E/C.12/1997/8 · Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights · 1997 — The Committee considers that economic sanctions, however imposed, must always take full account of the provisions of the Covenant, and clarifies that the imposing State and the international community share responsibility for ensuring that sanctions do not violate the economic, social and cultural rights of the population of the targeted State.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/e-1998-22 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · E/1998/22 · Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights · 1997 — The Committee considers that forced evictions are prima facie incompatible with the Covenant, clarifies the procedural protections required before, during and after any eviction, and identifies States parties' obligations to refrain from forced evictions and to ensure adequate alternative housing where evictions cannot be avoided.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/e-1996-22 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · E/1996/22 · Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights · 1995 — The Committee draws attention to the situation of older persons in light of global ageing trends, and clarifies States parties' obligations under the Covenant to ensure non-discrimination on the basis of age and the realization of the economic, social and cultural rights of older persons in domains including social security, work, health and family life.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/e-1995-22 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · E/1995/22 · Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights · 1994 — The Committee considers that persons with disabilities face entrenched discrimination undermining the realization of their economic, social and cultural rights, and clarifies States parties' obligations to take affirmative measures to remove barriers and to integrate disability concerns across all Covenant rights.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/e-1992-23 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · E/1992/23 · Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights · 1991 — The Committee considers that the human right to adequate housing under article 11 is of central importance for the enjoyment of all Covenant rights, and elaborates its core elements: legal security of tenure, availability of services and infrastructure, affordability, habitability, accessibility, location and cultural adequacy.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/e-1991-23 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · E/1991/23 · Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights · 1990 — The Committee elaborates the nature of States parties' obligations under article 2, paragraph 1, distinguishing obligations of conduct and result, immediate and progressive obligations, and identifying core obligations to ensure the satisfaction of, at the very least, minimum essential levels of each Covenant right.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/e-1990-23 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · E/1990/23 · Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights · 1990 — The Committee considers that the international technical assistance mechanism established in article 22 is a vehicle for ensuring that the realization of economic, social and cultural rights is taken into account by United Nations bodies and specialized agencies, and clarifies its own role in supporting that mechanism.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/e-1989-22 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · E/1989/22 · Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights · 1981 — The Committee considers that the reporting obligations under part IV of the Covenant are not merely procedural but serve substantive purposes, including assisting States parties in policy development, public participation and accountability, and provides guidance on the elements of effective reporting.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/crpd-c-gc-8 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CRPD/C/GC/8 · Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities · 2022 — The Committee clarifies the obligations of States parties regarding the right to work and employment of persons with disabilities under article 27 of the Convention, and considers that meaningful realization of this right requires the elimination of disability-based discrimination in employment, equal access to the open labour market, reasonable accommodation and inclusive support measures.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/crpd-c-gc-7 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CRPD/C/GC/7 · Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities · 2018 — The Committee considers that meaningful participation of persons with disabilities through their representative organizations is a Convention principle and a tool for empowerment, and clarifies States parties' obligations under articles 4 (3) and 33 (3) to consult closely and actively involve persons with disabilities in the development of laws, policies and decisions concerning them.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/crpd-c-gc-6 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CRPD/C/GC/6 · Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities · 2018 — The Committee considers that article 5 prohibits all forms of disability-based discrimination — direct, indirect, by association, denial of reasonable accommodation and harassment — and clarifies States parties' obligations to recognize disability-based discrimination as a violation of human rights and to ensure equality through positive measures.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/crpd-c-gc-5 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CRPD/C/GC/5 · Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities · 2017 — The Committee considers that article 19 — the right to live independently and be included in the community — entails a fundamental shift away from institutionalization and segregation towards community-based living arrangements, and clarifies States parties' obligations to provide individualized support, accessible services and choice over living arrangements.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/crpd-c-gc-4 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CRPD/C/GC/4 · Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities · 2016 — The Committee considers that the right to inclusive education under article 24 is a fundamental human right and the only means to achieve quality education for all, and clarifies States parties' obligations to develop inclusive education systems that combat discrimination, respect diversity and accommodate every learner.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/crpd-c-gc-3 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CRPD/C/GC/3 · Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities · 2016 — The Committee considers that women and girls with disabilities face multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination, and provides authoritative guidance on States parties' obligations under article 6 of the Convention to address gender-based discrimination across all areas of life and to ensure their full participation, including through reasonable accommodation and gender-mainstreaming.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/crpd-c-gc-2 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CRPD/C/GC/2 · Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities · 2014 — The Committee considers that accessibility under article 9 is a precondition for persons with disabilities to live independently and participate fully and equally in society, and clarifies that States parties have obligations to identify and eliminate obstacles and barriers in built environments, transportation, information and communications, and services open to the public.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/crpd-c-gc-1 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CRPD/C/GC/1 · Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities · 2014 — The Committee considers that equal recognition before the law under article 12 is a basic general principle of human rights protection, and clarifies that States parties must abolish substitute decision-making regimes and replace them with supported decision-making that respects the autonomy, will and preferences of persons with disabilities.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/crc-gc-2005-6 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CRC/GC/2005/6 · Committee on the Rights of the Child · 2005 — The Committee draws attention to the particularly vulnerable situation of unaccompanied and separated children outside their country of origin and provides guidance, anchored in the Convention's general principles, on identification, family tracing, durable solutions, and the protection, care and treatment owed to these children regardless of migration status.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/crc-gc-2003-5 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CRC/GC/2003/5 · Committee on the Rights of the Child · 2003 — The Committee outlines States parties' general measures of implementation under the Convention — including legislative review, comprehensive national strategies, coordination, monitoring, budgeting, and the dissemination of the Convention — as the necessary foundation for realizing all children's rights.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/crc-gc-2003-4 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CRC/GC/2003/4 · Committee on the Rights of the Child · 2003 — The Committee draws attention to the entitlement of adolescents up to 18 years of age to all rights under the Convention, including the rights to special protection and to progressive exercise of their rights according to evolving capacities, and provides guidance on adolescent health and development as a holistic, rights-based concept.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/crc-gc-2003-3 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CRC/GC/2003/3 · Committee on the Rights of the Child · 2003 — The Committee considers that the HIV/AIDS epidemic is a child rights issue requiring concerted, well-targeted action across prevention, treatment, care and protection, and recommends measures to combat stigma, ensure access to information and services, and protect the rights of children affected by HIV in their families and communities.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/crc-gc-2002-2 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CRC/GC/2002/2 · Committee on the Rights of the Child · 2002 — The Committee considers that independent national human rights institutions are an essential mechanism for promoting and ensuring the implementation of the Convention, and clarifies that their establishment falls within States parties' general obligations under article 4 to give effect to the rights of the child.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/crc-gc-2001-1 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CRC/GC/2001/1 · Committee on the Rights of the Child · 2001 — The Committee affirms that the aims of education set out in article 29 (1) of the Convention promote the holistic development of every child's personality, talents and abilities, and considers that education must be directed towards human dignity, tolerance, gender equality and respect for human rights and the natural environment.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/crc-c-gc-9-corr-1 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CRC/C/GC/9/Corr.1 · Committee on the Rights of the Child · 2007 — The Committee draws attention to the multiple barriers faced by children with disabilities and clarifies that States parties' obligations under the Convention require non-discrimination, accessibility, inclusive education, family support and participation, with disability addressed across all areas of children's rights, not solely through health or welfare policy.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/crc-c-gc-8 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CRC/C/GC/8 · Committee on the Rights of the Child · 2006 — The Committee considers that all corporal punishment of children — including in the family, schools, alternative care, juvenile justice and any other setting — is incompatible with the Convention, and recommends that States parties prohibit and eliminate it through law reform, awareness-raising and positive, non-violent forms of discipline.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/crc-c-gc-7-rev-1 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CRC/C/GC/7/Rev.1 · Committee on the Rights of the Child · 2006 — The Committee emphasizes that very young children are rights-holders entitled to the full range of Convention guarantees, and identifies States parties' obligations to provide adequate care, education, health and protection during early childhood while supporting parents and caregivers in their primary role.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/crc-c-gc-26 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CRC/C/GC/26 · Committee on the Rights of the Child · 2023 — The Committee considers that environmental degradation and climate change pose an urgent and systemic threat to children's rights, and clarifies States parties' obligations to ensure a clean, healthy and sustainable environment, to act on the basis of the best available science, and to give due weight to children's views in environmental decision-making.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/crc-c-gc-25 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CRC/C/GC/25 · Committee on the Rights of the Child · 2021 — The Committee considers that the digital environment shapes every aspect of children's lives and that States parties must ensure children's rights to access, protection and participation are respected, protected and fulfilled online as well as offline, with particular attention to the most marginalized.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/crc-c-gc-24 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CRC/C/GC/24 · Committee on the Rights of the Child · 2019 — The Committee replaces general comment No. 10 (2007) on juvenile justice with updated guidance reflecting developments in international standards, jurisprudence and child-development science, and reaffirms that deprivation of liberty must be a measure of last resort and for the shortest appropriate period.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/crc-c-gc-23-cmw-c-gc-4 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CRC/C/GC/23, CMW/C/GC/4 · Committee on the Rights of the Child · 2017 — The Committees jointly set out the general principles governing the rights of children in the context of international migration, including non-discrimination, the best interests of the child, the right to be heard and the right to non-refoulement, and require States parties to apply these principles to all children regardless of migration status.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/crc-c-gc-22-cmw-c-gc-3 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CRC/C/GC/22, CMW/C/GC/3 · Committee on the Rights of the Child · 2017 — The Committees jointly clarify the obligations of States parties — in particular countries of transit and destination — concerning the human rights of children in the context of international migration, and affirm that the principles of the best interests of the child and non-discrimination must guide every migration policy and decision.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/crc-c-gc-21 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CRC/C/GC/21 · Committee on the Rights of the Child · 2017 — The Committee highlights the systemic discrimination faced by children in street situations and considers that States parties must abandon punitive responses, ensure access to identity documentation and basic services, and adopt holistic, child-rights-based long-term strategies developed in consultation with the children themselves.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/crc-c-gc-20 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CRC/C/GC/20 · Committee on the Rights of the Child · 2016 — The Committee draws attention to the rights of children in the second decade of life and emphasizes that effective implementation of the Convention during adolescence requires States parties to recognize evolving capacities, address the structural drivers of vulnerability, and remove legal and policy barriers to autonomous decision-making in matters that affect adolescents.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/crc-c-gc-19 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CRC/C/GC/19 · Committee on the Rights of the Child · 2016 — The Committee clarifies that article 4 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child requires States parties to mobilize the maximum extent of their available resources to realize children's rights, and provides guidance on how public budgeting decisions — at every stage from planning to audit — should give effect to that obligation.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/crc-c-gc-17 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CRC/C/GC/17 · Committee on the Rights of the Child · 2013 — The Committee draws attention to the right of every child to rest, leisure, play, recreational activities and cultural life under article 31, and considers that States parties must take legislative, administrative and budgetary measures to ensure this often-neglected right is realized for all children, including the most marginalized.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/crc-c-gc-16 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CRC/C/GC/16 · Committee on the Rights of the Child · 2013 — The Committee recognizes the growing impact of business activities on children's rights and clarifies that States parties have obligations to respect, protect and fulfil children's rights in the context of business operations, both at home and extraterritorially, including through legislation, regulation, monitoring and access to remedies.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/crc-c-gc-15 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CRC/C/GC/15 · Committee on the Rights of the Child · 2013 — The Committee considers that the right of the child to the highest attainable standard of health under article 24 must be approached holistically, encompassing the underlying determinants of health and recognizing children as autonomous holders of the right, with particular attention to non-discrimination and to children in marginalized or disadvantaged situations.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/crc-c-gc-14 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CRC/C/GC/14 · Committee on the Rights of the Child · 2013 — The Committee identifies article 3, paragraph 1 — the right of the child to have his or her best interests taken as a primary consideration — as a substantive right, an interpretive legal principle and a rule of procedure, and provides a framework for assessing and determining best interests in all decisions affecting children.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/crc-c-gc-13 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CRC/C/GC/13 · Committee on the Rights of the Child · 2011 — The Committee considers that article 19 obligates States parties to protect children from all forms of physical and mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect, maltreatment or exploitation, and provides comprehensive guidance on the legal, administrative and other measures required to give effect to this right.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/crc-c-gc-12 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CRC/C/GC/12 · Committee on the Rights of the Child · 2009 — The Committee clarifies the right of every child to be heard under article 12 of the Convention, considers that this right applies in all matters affecting the child — including legal, administrative, family and educational decisions — and requires States parties to remove barriers to its effective and meaningful exercise.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/crc-c-gc-11 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CRC/C/GC/11 · Committee on the Rights of the Child · 2009 — The Committee draws attention to the situation of indigenous children and considers that the Convention applies to them on equal terms with other children, while requiring States parties to take special measures to ensure non-discrimination, cultural identity, and meaningful participation of indigenous children and their communities.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/crc-c-gc-10 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CRC/C/GC/10 · Committee on the Rights of the Child · 2007 — The Committee provides authoritative guidance on the rights of children alleged as, accused of, or recognized as having infringed the penal law, calling for child justice systems that emphasize prevention, diversion, restorative measures and the use of deprivation of liberty only as a last resort and for the shortest appropriate period. (This general comment has since been replaced by general comm

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cmw-c-gc-8-cerd-c-gc-39 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CMW/C/GC/8–CERD/C/GC/39 · Committee on Migrant Workers · 2025 — The Committees jointly provide thematic guidance — complementary to the general guidelines adopted at the same time — on combating xenophobia towards migrants and others perceived as such across specific fields including the labour market, access to services, the digital environment, criminal justice, and political discourse, and on the substantive equality measures States parties must adopt.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cmw-c-gc-7-cerd-c-gc-38 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CMW/C/GC/7–CERD/C/GC/38 · Committee on Migrant Workers · 2025 — The Committees jointly clarify that xenophobia towards migrants and others perceived as such constitutes a form of racial discrimination prohibited by both Conventions, and provide general guidance to States parties on the comprehensive legislative, institutional and educational measures required to prevent, prohibit and combat xenophobia.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cmw-c-gc-6 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CMW/C/GC/6 · Committee on Migrant Workers · 2024 — The Committee considers that the Convention and the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration are mutually reinforcing instruments, and clarifies how States parties may give convergent effect to their obligations to protect the human rights of migrant workers and members of their families through coordinated implementation of both frameworks.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cmw-c-gc-5 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CMW/C/GC/5 · Committee on Migrant Workers · 2021 — The Committee, deeply concerned by the trend towards the criminalization of migration and the increasing use of immigration detention, clarifies that detention of migrants must be a measure of last resort, exceptional in nature, ordered for the shortest period possible, and subject to judicial review and effective alternatives.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cmw-c-gc-2 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CMW/C/GC/2 · Committee on Migrant Workers · 2013 — The Committee considers that migrant workers in an irregular situation and members of their families are entitled to the rights set out in part III of the Convention, and clarifies that States parties' obligations to respect and ensure those rights apply regardless of migration status, including with respect to liberty, due process, education, health and labour rights.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cmw-c-gc-1 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CMW/C/GC/1 · Committee on Migrant Workers · 2011 — The Committee considers that domestic work is an important occupation accounting for a significant share of employment globally and is increasingly performed by migrants, predominantly women, and elaborates States parties' obligations under the Convention to ensure migrant domestic workers' rights to fair conditions of work, freedom from abuse and access to remedies.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-gc-37 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CERD/C/GC/37 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 2024 — The Committee considers that the right to equality and non-discrimination is an absolute prerequisite for the effective enjoyment of the right to the highest attainable standard of health, and provides authoritative guidance on States parties' obligations under the Convention to address racial discrimination across all dimensions of the right to health.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-gc-36 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CERD/C/GC/36 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 2020 — The Committee considers that racial profiling — distinguishing law enforcement and decision-making practices that target persons on the basis of race, colour, descent, national or ethnic origin — is incompatible with the Convention, and clarifies States parties' obligations to prevent, prohibit and combat racial profiling, including in the context of digital technologies.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-gc-35 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CERD/C/GC/35 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 2013 — The Committee considers that combating racist hate speech is essential to giving effect to the Convention, and provides comprehensive guidance on States parties' obligations under articles 4 and 7 to prohibit certain forms of hate speech, foster cultures of plural and respectful public discourse, and counter racist hate speech with affirmative action.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-gc-34 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CERD/C/GC/34 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 2011 — The Committee considers that people of African descent face systemic and structural racial discrimination as a legacy of slavery and colonialism, and clarifies States parties' obligations under the Convention to prevent and combat such discrimination across all areas of life, including through legislation, justice system reform and affirmative action.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-gc-33 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CERD/C/GC/33 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 2009 — The Committee, building on the outcomes of the Durban Review Conference, recommends that States parties take legislative, judicial, regulatory, administrative and other measures to combat racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, and to enhance their cooperation with the Committee in implementing the Convention.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-gc-32 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CERD/C/GC/32 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 2009 — The Committee clarifies the meaning and scope of special measures within articles 1 (4) and 2 (2) of the Convention, considers that such measures are a necessary tool for combating structural inequalities and accelerating equality, and elaborates the conditions under which they are required, permissible and consistent with non-discrimination.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cerd-c-64-misc-11-rev-3 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CERD/C/64/Misc.11/rev.3 · Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination · 2004 — The Committee, reflecting on article 1 of the Convention which permits differentiation between citizens and non-citizens, considers that States parties' treatment of non-citizens nonetheless falls within the scope of the Convention and that differential treatment will constitute racial discrimination if its criteria are not applied pursuant to a legitimate aim.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cedaw-c-gc-40 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CEDAW/C/GC/40 · Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women · 2024 — The Committee affirms women's right to equal and inclusive representation in all decision-making systems, considers that persistent under-representation hampers the implementation of all other Convention rights, and clarifies the legislative, policy and structural measures required to achieve equal sharing of decision-making power.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cedaw-c-gc-39 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CEDAW/C/GC/39 · Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women · 2022 — The Committee provides authoritative guidance on the rights of indigenous women and girls, recognizing the discrimination and violence they face in rural, remote and urban areas, and clarifies States parties' obligations under the Convention with particular attention to indigenous women's collective and individual rights, self-determination and effective participation.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cedaw-c-gc-38 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CEDAW/C/GC/38 · Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women · 2020 — The Committee clarifies that article 6 obligates States parties to suppress all forms of trafficking in women and girls and exploitation of prostitution, and provides authoritative guidance on the gender-specific causes, manifestations and consequences of trafficking in the context of global migration.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cedaw-c-gc-37 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CEDAW/C/GC/37 · Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women · 2018 — The Committee considers that climate change is exacerbating the gendered risks and impacts of disasters, and clarifies that States parties must apply the Convention to disaster risk reduction, with particular attention to women's participation and to the substantive equality of women and girls in mitigation, adaptation and recovery measures.

https://lszoszk.github.io/generalcomments/#documents/cedaw-c-gc-36 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z 2026-04-28T00:00:00Z

General Comment / Recommendation · CEDAW/C/GC/36 · Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women · 2017 — The Committee affirms that education is a transformative right essential for gender equality and women's empowerment, and clarifies States parties' obligations to ensure girls' and women's right to lifelong, inclusive and quality education at every level, free from gender-based discrimination, stereotypes and violence.